The paper uses a model incorporating Indonesian-specific data and global trends and provides detailed projections and policy recommendations to support the effective and efficient deployment of EV charging infrastructure.

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Key findings include the significantly higher efficiency of e-buses compared to diesel buses, the feasibility of operating certain routes with specific e-bus configurations, and the potential cost competitiveness of e-buses with extended contract durations. The study emphasizes the need for careful planning and route-level analysis to achieve the goal of a 100% e-bus fleet by 2030 in Jakarta.

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Speakers

Amit Bhatt

India Managing Director, ICCT

Amit Bhatt is the ICCT’s Managing Director for India. He is based in New Delhi and has over 20 years of experience in transportation, urban development, and management. Before joining ICCT, Amit was Executive Director for Integrated Transport at WRI India for 12 years. Prior to the World Resources Institute he worked with the Urban Mass Transit Company, India’s leading urban transport consultancy, and with Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services. He has also served as an adjunct faculty member at the School of Planning and Architecture in New Delhi.

Amit has a bachelor’s degree in architecture and a master’s degree in transport planning from the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. Amit also has a master’s degree in economics and a diploma in transport economics and management.

Vaibhav Kush

Researcher, ICCT

Vaibhav Kush is a Researcher with ICCT’s India team, leading the Low Emission Zones work there. He engages with sub-national administrations to accelerate adoption of Low- and Zero Emission Zones in India. He has been working in the Sustainable Mobility sector since 2016, with expertise in safe systems, policy formulation and stakeholder engagements. Before joining ICCT, Vaibhav was associated with WRI India’s Sustainable Cities program for over six years, leading projects under Botnar CRS Challenge. He was actively involved in Haryana Vision Zero, pedestrianisation of Delhi’s Chandni Chowk, development of IRC guidelines on urban transport, etc. Prior to WRI India, Vaibhav has worked as an Architect and was involved in the design of large scale green building projects like corporate parks, Inter-container Depots, universities, etc.

Vaibhav has a bachelor’s in Architecture and a Master’s in Urban Planning from the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi. He is a member of several professional bodies including International Sociological Association, Institute of Town Planners India, Council of Architecture, Indian Roads Congress, Indian Institute of Architects, Indian Buildings Congress, among others.

Sudhendu J. Sinha

Adviser, NITI Aayog

An alumnus of St. Stephen’s College, Delhi did his Major in History. He has experience of over 29 years in operations, infrastructure planning, coordination and management at field and policy making levels in Indian Railways with considerable success and appreciation.

His performance has been recognised and awarded twice at the National level (National Award for e-Governance- 2019-20, for ‘Excellence in providing Citizen – Centric Delivery’ by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Govt. of India, ‘National Award for Outstanding Service’ Ministry of Railways Govt. of India -2006) and thrice at the Ministry (of Railways) level. He also served as Dean of the Indian Railway Institute of Transport Management (IRITM), Lucknow, and General Manager Web Applications at the Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS). He has training and enrichment from Japan (Railway Management), Malaysia (ICLIF – Advance Management), Singapore (INSEAD – Advance Management), Germany (UIC) and the US (Oracle).

He is the Adviser at the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transformation of India), the apex ‘Think Tank’ of the Govt. of India.

 

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Reaching Indonesia’s target of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2060 or sooner will depend in part on the decarbonization of the transportation sector, which today is responsible for about 15% of the country’s GHG emissions. Indonesia is considering a range of measures, including shifting from gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and increasing the use of biofuels.

This report presents a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the GHG emissions of passenger cars and two-wheelers with different power trains in Indonesia. It assesses vehicles sold in 2023 and hypothetical vehicles sold in 2030, and encompasses emissions from fuel combustion, fuel and electricity production, vehicle maintenance, and vehicle and battery manufacturing. The assessment finds that BEVs offer the lowest life-cycle emissions across all segments and can bring significant emissions reduction in line with the net-zero goal. Importantly, as the electricity mix is expected to decarbonize over time, the GHG emission benefit continuously increases for future BEVs, as illustrated in the figure below. HEVs and PHEVs, meanwhile, do not offer a deep reduction in emissions from the passenger car and two-wheeler fleets in Indonesia, as they remain largely dependent on the combustion of fossil fuels. The findings reflect the same trends observed in previous ICCT analyses of vehicles in China, Europe, India, and the United States.

Figure 14. Life-cycle GHG emissions of A segment, SUV segment, and MPV segment gasoline ICEVs and BEVs, as well as electric and combustion engine scooters sold in Indonesia in 2023 and in 2030. The error bars indicate differences between the development of the electricity mix according to a current policy Baseline scenario (higher values) and a development in line with the Government’s target of reaching net-zero emissions by 2060.

This report is a valuable resource for policymakers in Indonesia, as reducing transport emissions while the vehicle fleet is likely to expand due to economic growth requires a resolute shift to low-carbon technologies. The authors highlight that with a vehicle lifetime of more than 18 years, a transition to a fully electric fleet by 2060 thus requires that from around 2040, no new combustion engine cars, HEVs, or PHEVs are sold in Indonesia. Beyond GHG emissions, increasing the share of electric vehicles will help mitigate the public health and environmental consequences of air pollution in Indonesian cities, reduce Indonesia’s dependence on oil imports, and reduce public spending on fuel subsidies. As Indonesia is the world’s largest supplier of nickel and has rich reserves of other key battery materials, creating a domestic battery and electric vehicle manufacturing industry is expected to create jobs and grow the economy. The report explores policy options to continuously increase the electric vehicle share in Indonesia and support the development of a domestic battery and electric vehicle supply chain.

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